Nutritional considerations to counteract gastrointestinal permeability during exertional heat stress

Intestinal barrier integrity and function are compromised during exertional heat stress (EHS) potentially leading to consequences that range from minor gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances fatal outcomes in stroke or septic shock. This mini-review provides a concise discussion of nutritional interventions may protect against intestinal permeability EHS suggests physiological mechanisms responsible for this protection. Although diverse have been suggested be protective EHS-induced GI permeability, the ingestion certain amino acids, carbohydrates, fluid per se is effective strategy, whereas evidence various polyphenols pre/probiotics developing. Plausible protection include increased blood flow, epithelial cell proliferation, upregulation intracellular shock proteins, modulation inflammatory signaling, alteration microbiota, expression tight junction (TJ) proteins. Further clinical research needed propose specific candidates recommendations their application prevent disruption elucidate EHS.